Trucking’s historic slump: How overcapacity and undocumented drivers reshaped the industry

The trucking industry has faced its longest and deepest downturn in history, beginning in March 2022. This prolonged slump, known as the Great Freight Recession, has driven many trucking companies out of business.

A sluggish goods economy contributed, but the primary cause is excess capacity. During the COVID-19 pandemic, high freight rates and government stimulus, coupled with cheap credit, spurred an influx of new trucking companies. Unfortunately, this overcorrection flooded the market with capacity, causing freight rates to collapse.

To avoid bankruptcy, trucking firms slashed costs. The largest expense—driver wages—proved challenging to cut, as experienced, documented drivers resisted reductions. Many small firms turned to hiring drivers without work permits to reduce expenses.

These workers often obtained Commercial Driver’s Licenses (CDLs) in the U.S. without passing a domestic CDL test. Some states accepted foreign CDLs without verifying the driver’s experience or qualifications, meaning many never proved they could safely operate an 80,000-pound truck. Additionally, some drivers lacked proficiency in English, complicating communication and compliance.

Trucking became a lifeline for many immigrants, offering steady work, decent pay, and a place to live, as most truckers reside in their vehicles. For many, it marked a significant improvement over poverty in their home countries. These undocumented workers often accepted lower wages than their American counterparts and endured poor working conditions and unsafe equipment.